Lingva Franka (Russian Edition)

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Cogo, Allessia. 2008. “English as a Lingua Franca. Form follows function.” English Today 95 (3), 58–61. Which language takes on this role depends on such factors as political and cultural power. In the ancient Middle East, Akkadian, the language of the Mesopotamian empires, was also the language of diplomacy throughout the near East, including Egypt, until the beginning of the Iron Age. Murata, Kumiko (2015-07-16). Exploring ELF in Japanese Academic and Business Contexts: Conceptualisation, research and pedagogic implications. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-55511-7. Akan can be regarded as the main lingua franca of Ghana, although mainly in the south. [ citation needed] Afrikaans [ edit ]

Lingua franca – Wikipedie Lingua franca – Wikipedie

Meierkord, Christiane. 2002. “’Language stripped bare’ or ‘linguistic masala’? Culture in lingua franca conversation.” In: Knapp, Karlfried; Meierkord, Christiane (eds.). Lingua franca communication. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 109-133. Firth, Alan. 1996. “The discursive accomplishment of normality. On 'lingua franca' English and conversation analysis.” Journal of Pragmatics 26, 237–59, qtd. in Lesznyák 2002. genderless and gender-inclusive language, such as the use of the word "they" as a pronoun [19] [20] following the pattern of other outer circle genderless languages [21] Bantu Botatwe is the lingua franca of Lusaka, the capital of Zambia. Nyanja is also a main language. [ citation needed] Ewondo [ edit ] Spichtinger, Daniel. 2000. The Spread of English and its Appropriation. Unpublished MA Thesis, University of Vienna. http://spichtinger.net/Uni/sp-dipl3.pdf.Sowden claims that Standard English, especially British English, has a colonial baggage that still affects the status of English in post-colonial countries and it is this negative value that has led ELF researchers to an attempt to describe and posit a neutralized version of English and to make it a universal one that belongs to every speaker, both native and second language speakers. Sowden argues that introducing ELF in ELT will lead to differences between schools where this is implemented, and schools which have the freedom to use a native standard model, favouring the latter. He concludes that ELF will not replace Anglo-Saxon native-speaker models in the near future as there are too many constraints linked to ELF. For Sowden, the use of multilingual and local teachers can also be beneficial for L2 learners, as these teachers have knowledge of the local culture and spoken languages and the constraints they have on learning English. The way forward according to Sowden is to focus on communicative ability, not on universal conformity. Název „lingua franca“ (jinak také sabir) byl původně používán Araby, a sice k pojmenování všech románských jazyků, zejména italštiny (Arabové všechny národy v západní Evropě označovali jako „Franky“). Později se tak označoval jazyk s románskou slovní zásobou (většina slov odvozena ze španělštiny a italštiny) a velmi jednoduchou gramatikou, který byl až do konce 19. století používán námořníky ve Středozemním moři, částečně na Středním východě a severní Africe. House, Juliane. 2003. “English as a lingua franca: A threat to multilingualism?” Journal of Sociolinguistics 7: 4, 556-578. Mortensen, J. (2013). Notes on English used as a lingua franca as an object of study. Journal of English as a Lingua Franca, vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 25-46. Cogo, A. (2011-12-08). "English as a Lingua Franca: concepts, use, and implications". ELT Journal. 66 (1): 97–105. doi: 10.1093/elt/ccr069. ISSN 0951-0893.

Lingua franca - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Fula ( Fula: Fulfulde or Pulaar or Pular , depending on the region; French: Peul) the language of the Fula people or Fulani ( Fula: Fulɓe; French: Peuls) and associated groups such as the Toucouleur. Fula is spoken in all countries directly south of the Sahara (such as Cameroon, Chad, Nigeria, Niger, Mali...). It is spoken mainly by Fula people, but is also used as a lingua franca by several populations of various origins, throughout Western Africa. [ citation needed] One region where it is particularly important as a link language is the Adamawa Plateau of northern Cameroon, which, although largely populated by non-Fula people, was united and ruled by Fula conquerors prior to colonial rule. Fula is also the main lingua franca of the Sahel Region of Burkina Faso. [ citation needed] Hausa [ edit ] The development of the American research university, which enabled the United States to lead the world in the academic development of science, engineering, arts, and humanities;

extension to the collocational field of words with high semantic generality, for example take an operation The Bangla language acts as a lingua franca for the entire Bengal region ( Bangladesh and West Bengal). While there are other languages spoken throughout Bengal that are not necessarily mutually intelligible with Standard Bangla, like Chittagongian and Sylheti, Standard Bangla is a second language for these communities and a link language between them and other groups in the country. [ citation needed] Hebrew [ edit ] Meitei language (officially known as Manipuri language), besides being one of the 22 official languages of India, is the lingua franca of Manipur, southern Assam and many parts of Nagaland, in which different ethno-linguistically diverese groups of people communicate one another. [ citation needed] Nagamese [ edit ] With the growth of the Spanish Empire, Spanish became established in the Americas, as well as in parts of Africa, Asia and Oceania. It became the language of global trade until Napoleonic Wars [ citation needed] and the breakup of the Spanish Empire at the beginning of the 19th century. Spanish was used as a lingua franca throughout the former Spanish Colonial Empire, including territory in present-day U.S., but particularly in present-day Mexico, Spanish Caribbean, Central, South America and the Philippines, and still remains the lingua franca within Hispanic America. It is also widely understood, and spoken to different degrees, by many people in Brazil, especially in the South and Southeast. [ citation needed] the Mediterranean Lingua Franca, a common language spoken in Mediterranean ports in centuries past (consisting of Italian mixed with French, Spanish, Arabic and some Greek words and used by sailors of different countries to communicate with one another)